Labyrinth of Language
Sunday, May 3, 2015
Wednesday, April 29, 2015
Summary of Chinua Achebe's Interview with BBC
In this interview with BBC news, Chinua Achebe, discusses his childhood and the affects colonization has had on the Igbo culture and community. In the beginning of the interview, Achebe talks about his life in Nigeria and the influence Christian missionaries and colonization had on the culture, especially regarding the oral traditions and the idea of how people communicate. He states that the Igbo language is dying out and experiencing, what some linguists have called "language dispossession" (a term which was seen earlier in another article by David Nieto as well).
Furthermore, Achebe goes on to discuss that part of the reason the Igbo language is becoming extinct is due to the fact that younger generations have stopped speaking the language and performing the cultural rituals for fear of being seen as different, which is one of the reasons as to why colonialism has such a strong hold on the culture of the natives and the traditions that the indigenous people were born with. As an author and advocate for the preservation of heritage and traditions, Achebe is starting a "literary movement" to combat the long lasting effects of colonization, by re-writing all of his books in the Igbo language, hoping too that other publishers and authors might go the same route and in essence catalyze a cultural movement.
Furthermore, Achebe goes on to discuss that part of the reason the Igbo language is becoming extinct is due to the fact that younger generations have stopped speaking the language and performing the cultural rituals for fear of being seen as different, which is one of the reasons as to why colonialism has such a strong hold on the culture of the natives and the traditions that the indigenous people were born with. As an author and advocate for the preservation of heritage and traditions, Achebe is starting a "literary movement" to combat the long lasting effects of colonization, by re-writing all of his books in the Igbo language, hoping too that other publishers and authors might go the same route and in essence catalyze a cultural movement.
Tuesday, April 28, 2015
Summary of David Nieto's Article
David Gonzalez Nieto's article entitled, "The Emperor's New Words: Language and Colonization" is a compelling and innovative article concerning colonialism and its effects on native populations, more specifically how it alters their identities and ways of communicating. In a similar fashion to Mufwene's article, Nieto starts off by describing language as a living organism which is part of one's soul and in many ways is intrinsically linked to our identities. He goes on to discuss the fact that colonizers understood the essential role language plays in a community and how they would wield language as a type of weapon by forcing the natives to learn the "new", imposed language.
Furthermore, Nieto goes into detail discussing the concept of "re-naming" which is also known as "linguistic dispossession". This type of communicative displacement leaves the indigenous population feeling dependent and inadequate compared to the colonizers, who in many ways seemed more advanced and elite in comparison. In addition, Nieto gives examples of "linguistic dispossession" and how it was utilized by explorers when they started mapping out their "new" found land and giving new names to already established towns. Overall, Nieto's article provides a multitude of examples concerning the metamorphosis of everyday words and places and how colonialism affected not only one's communication skills, but also the culture as well.
Nieto, David Gonzalez (2007) "The Emperor’s New Words: Language and Colonization," Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge: Vol. 5: Iss. 3, Article 21.
Furthermore, Nieto goes into detail discussing the concept of "re-naming" which is also known as "linguistic dispossession". This type of communicative displacement leaves the indigenous population feeling dependent and inadequate compared to the colonizers, who in many ways seemed more advanced and elite in comparison. In addition, Nieto gives examples of "linguistic dispossession" and how it was utilized by explorers when they started mapping out their "new" found land and giving new names to already established towns. Overall, Nieto's article provides a multitude of examples concerning the metamorphosis of everyday words and places and how colonialism affected not only one's communication skills, but also the culture as well.
Nieto, David Gonzalez (2007) "The Emperor’s New Words: Language and Colonization," Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge: Vol. 5: Iss. 3, Article 21.
Monday, April 27, 2015
Summary of Salikoko Mufwene's Article
Salikoko Mufwene's article entitled, "Colonization, Globalization, and the Future of Languages in the Twenty-first Century", depicts language as a living organism which is affected by multiple factors like the socio-economic structure of the environment, the diversity of the population, and its overall use within society. Mufwene argues that if these elements are not conducive, the language could evolve to reflect the more dominant form of communication or could become totally extinct. Furthermore, Mufwene makes the argument that these alterations, known as "language shifts"are directly linked to colonization and the globalization of our society. Within his article, Mufwene first begins by defining the concept of language and the fact that when two languages converge, a type of Darwinism takes over and the ultimate endurance of a language depends on a type of survival of the fittest. In addition, Mufwene makes the distinction between a language shift and language loss, with one meaning adaption while the other means extinction, an act which Mufwene refers to as a type of "linguicide".
The article then goes on to describe the three types of colonization: trade, settlement, and exploitation. Each one has their own various affects on the native language and population, beginning with gradual changes and then leading to a complete domination of the indigenous culture and a total shift in the way people communicate, ultimately transitioning to a type of "monolingualism". Overall, Mufwene's article conveys the transition of language and how our current economic and trade shifts have lead to a transition from English being the dominant language to Chinese (Mandarin), which substantiates his claims concerning language and the fact that a particular language's "vitality depends on the communicative behaviors of their speakers, who in turn respond adaptively to changes in their socio-economic ecologies" (2002).
The article then goes on to describe the three types of colonization: trade, settlement, and exploitation. Each one has their own various affects on the native language and population, beginning with gradual changes and then leading to a complete domination of the indigenous culture and a total shift in the way people communicate, ultimately transitioning to a type of "monolingualism". Overall, Mufwene's article conveys the transition of language and how our current economic and trade shifts have lead to a transition from English being the dominant language to Chinese (Mandarin), which substantiates his claims concerning language and the fact that a particular language's "vitality depends on the communicative behaviors of their speakers, who in turn respond adaptively to changes in their socio-economic ecologies" (2002).
Friday, April 24, 2015
Project Proposal
For my final linguistics project I would like to combine the two topics concerning "English and Empire" and "American English", to focus on my main argument regarding Colonization and Its Effects on Language. I might also explore the concept of dead languages and how colonization played a role in the extinction of native tongues. The medium in which I wish to present my project would be in the form of a Prezi, where I could convey any supplemental elements including images or short video clips to assist in explaining my findings.
Here are some of the sources I have looked into using:
Scholaraly Articles & Interviews:
"British Colonialism and Its Linguistc Consequences" by Walid M. Rihane
"I'm a Victim of Linguistc Colonialism" by Chinua Ahcebe
"Colonization, Globalization, and the Future of Languages in the Twenty First Century" by Salikoko Mufwene
Here are some of the sources I have looked into using:
Scholaraly Articles & Interviews:
"British Colonialism and Its Linguistc Consequences" by Walid M. Rihane
"I'm a Victim of Linguistc Colonialism" by Chinua Ahcebe
"Colonization, Globalization, and the Future of Languages in the Twenty First Century" by Salikoko Mufwene
Episode 33 Missionaries and Manuscripts
This podcast was very informational and provided a multitude of excellent facts which highlights not only the spread of Christianity, but also the evolution of both the spoken word and written texts.
https://prezi.com/wtbbgmlk_kwj/missionaries-and-manuscripts/
https://prezi.com/wtbbgmlk_kwj/missionaries-and-manuscripts/
Monday, March 16, 2015
Biography of a Word Project
Symone
McCoy
Linguistics
Dr.
Walts
March
16, 2015
Biography of a Word
For my biography of a word project,
I chose to examine the word “porcelain”.
As an English major and one time biology major, I had heard “porcelain”
utilized in a multitude of ways and in many texts/literature. Whether it’s being used to describe a person’s
features or carved into a particular shape/structure, the word porcelain is
very captivating due to its multiple purposes and duality as both an adjective
and a noun. Furthermore, porcelain has a
long history and played a vital role in some of the economic and social
structures of developing countries, allowing them to thrive and expand within
the trade systems during much of the 1600’s B.C. and beyond.
When initially starting my project,
I chose the word porcelain because I loved the way it sounded and by just
saying the word, I was able to picture in my mind the idea of porcelain
dinnerware and other fancy things which porcelain is used to make. However, once I began dissecting the word and
learning more about its origins, the concept and idea of porcelain is more
complex and dynamic than I originally imagined.
Concerning porcelain’s origin, the word derives from the Italian word porcellana, which is used to describe
egg shells. Porcelain evolved out of
that word because of its natural look and structure, which resembles both the whiteness
and fragility of an egg shell. Furthermore,
in my initial search I had found that porcelain also had other origins in both
the French and Chinese language as well, and no one was really able to tell
which culture first discovered porcelain, but many assume it was the Chinese
due to their overwhelming monopoly and utilization of the material within both
their art work and trade.
According to the Oxford English
Dictionary, one of the first known records of the word porcelain was documented
within one of the log books of Peter Martyr d’ Anghiera, an Italian historian
who traveled around the world during the Age of Exploration. During his trip, he documented that in 1555
B.C. he came across “two vessels made of the fine earth called Porcellana” (Oxford
English Dictionary). Concerning, this
particular trip, historians are unsure as to where Anghiera was at the time
when he came across these porcelain figures.
Although it can be estimated that since Anghiera was doing most of his
writing and travels during a time when Europe was fascinated with Asia and
Chinese culture, due to the increasing popularity of the spice trade, many
believe that he was one of the first historians to come across and document
porcelain art coming from China.
Concerning the other variation of
the word porcelain, in which people use it to describe someone’s appearance as
either being fair or fragile, one of the first known pieces of documented
literature comes from Richard Brome’s The
Sparagus Garden, in which he describes one of the women within his play as having
skin “of the purest piece of Purslane” (The
Sparagus Garden, 1640). This use of
the word had become popular during later years and is featured again in other
literary works such as Lord Byron’s Don
Juan, William Faulkner’s Sanctuary,
and most recently featured in the New Yorker in an article by Daniel Raft on
the night life of New York City.
Regarding the word porcelain in
terms of art, the material has been used by many and is a type of ceramic
substance which can be formed by heating the materials at a very high
temperature within a kiln. An
interesting misconception and misuse of the word porcelain comes in when people
utilize the word to describe something as being fragile, because in reality
porcelain is very durable and has a particularly strong resistance to
breaking. According to the Dictionary of
Anthropology, porcelain might have been mistaken for china or bone china, which
are materials also used in the arts which look very similar to porcelain, but
they are more fragile and tend to break easier.
Over the years the word porcelain
has stayed pretty stagnant and isn't heard of much in general conversation, but
there are a few key phrases still used in popular culture which apply the
word. Some of these are the porcelain throne, which refers to a
toilet, and a popular Chinese comic strip entitled The Porcelain Princess.
Overall, I have discovered that the word porcelain has a rich and
dynamic history which makes this particular word very interesting.
Works Cited
“Porcelain,
n. and adj.” Merriam-Webster.
Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web.
“Porcelain,
n. and adj.” OED Online. Oxford
University Press, December 2014. Web. 8 March 2015.
Seymour-Smith,
Charlotte. “Porcelain.” Dictionary of
Anthropology. Boston, MA: G.K. Hall, 1986. 205-06. Print.
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